Starting Jan. 1, the more than 65 million Americans who rely on Medicare will have better access to mental health coverage.

Medicare now covers therapy appointments with licensed marriage and family counselors, and licensed professional counselors. These are two types of therapists who make up around 40% of the Master's level mental health providers in the country, according to the American Counseling Association.

Victoria Kress, a professor at Youngstown State University and a licensed professional counselor, spoke with All Things Considered host Juana Summers about how this new law could affect patients and providers.

This interview has been lightly edited for length and clarity.

Interview highlights

Juana Summers: This seems like a bit of an obvious solution to me, I have to say. There's a big group of people out there who need access to mental health care — and by that I mean Medicare recipients — and there's another big group of providers who are able to do so. So why did it take so long do you think for this law to pass?

Victoria Kress: There have been many iterations of licensure and legislation that have been put forward, and many different legislative techniques and strategies that have been applied to try to get us at the table and to get this passed.

I think it was really money. When I would sit with legislators, the first question they would would ask is, "What is this costed out as? How is this going to impact us fiscally?" Obviously, when you have easier access to care and more people providing services, that's going to increase the cost.

I think with COVID, with the pandemic, it really put a spotlight on mental health needs. And many people started to realize how critically important access to care is around mental health issues. And because of that, I think legislators felt an increasing pressure to provide access to care for those on Medicare.

Summers: We should just be frank here. The need for mental health care in this country is incredibly stark. The Department of Health and Human Services estimates that 169 million Americans are living in an area with a mental health provider shortage. So how much of a dent could this change make in what seems like massive need?

Kress: It's profound. Yes, about half of America lives in an area with a severe shortage of providers. And I can tell you, as someone who works in an urban area, even in the urban areas they're really walking the line and struggling to find enough providers to meet the demand for our services.

So 18% of Americans receive Medicare, and they're going to overnight have access to so many more providers. So it's really exciting, particularly when you think about the rural areas, where one in three people receive Medicare services, and there's such a severe shortage of providers, it's really going to be helpful to them.

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Something else that we also don't think a lot about is addictions. Many people in America struggle with addictions. Many older adults and people with chronic disabilities struggle with addictions. About a third of all inpatient hospitalizations for opioid use disorder are paid for by Medicare. And counselors are the primary provider of all addictions counseling services. So it's been so difficult for people to access addictions care. And now with counselors being able to provide the services that we're trained to provide, it's really going to open up opportunities for people to access addiction services as well.

Summers: Medicare reimbursement rates are significantly lower than what many therapists can charge out of pocket. I mean, a single session can cost hundreds of dollars for in demand providers. Are you concerned that even though they're able to, counselors now might not want to accept Medicare because of the lower payment rates?

Kress: Yeah, absolutely. And also with the legislative change, counselors, marriage and family therapists will be being paid about 75% of what a psychologist would make. And so that's also a deterrent there.

So it's going to be an ongoing issue to try to get providers to sign up for Medicare reimbursement. But you know, we also have challenges in terms of continuing to encourage people to go into the mental health helping professions. And educators have a responsibility to continue to pull folks in and to train them to meet the demand that's out there. Counseling is actually one of the most needed professions right now, there's a severe shortage all over the country.

Summers: I want to acknowledge here before I ask this question that, of course, senior citizens are not the only Medicare recipients, though they do make up the vast majority of that population. And we know that their mental health care needs are complex and seniors have faced obstacles to receiving mental health care for years. To what degree do you think that Medicare coverage from professional counselors and family therapists could help bridge the gap for that specific population?

Kress: Counselors are uniquely trained to meet the needs of older adults. As counselors, we receive training and counseling for people across the lifespan. But we've not been able to work with older adults, despite our training, because of difficulties with Medicare reimbursement. So this is really exciting.

One of the things that makes counselors unique from other mental health professionals is that we have a focus on mental health. And what that means is we focus on people's strengths, their resources and their capacities within themselves, within their families, within their communities and within society. And we focus on those and we pull those into our treatment plans and how we go about helping them make the changes that they want to make.

So I think our focus on developments, our focus on mental health, our focus on being holistic, our focus on wellness is really unique to the older adult population. I think it really resonates with them. And I think that our presence in this market is going to be really well received.

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