Updated February 15, 2024 at 6:54 AM ET
Russia is developing a space-based nuclear capability that has the potential to threaten the U.S. and its allies, according to a source familiar with the matter. Russia's capacity could allow it to target satellites, the official said.
National security adviser Jake Sullivan told reporters he plans to meet with House leaders on Thursday, though he did not confirm the topic of the briefing.
It is unclear what exactly the capability is that Russia is working on — importantly whether it is a nuclear-powered device or a nuclear weapon.
What the rules are around weapons in space
The U.S., Russia and China already have the capability to attack satellites, but the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 explicitly bans the use of nuclear weapons in space.
The treaty instructs nations "not to place in orbit around the Earth any objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction, install such weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space in any other manner."
Experts questioned whether a nuclear weapon would be useful against a satellite. In the vacuum of space, a nuclear explosion wouldn't create a destructive shock wave like it does here on Earth, says Brian Weeden, chief program officer with the Secure World Foundation and an expert on space weaponry.
The Russian Embassy did not return NPR's request for comment.
It could be a nuclear weapon or a reactor
In 2021, Russia fired a missile into space that destroyed a decommissioned Soviet-era satellite. That test proved its ability to knock out satellites at will.
But Russia has also been facing new threats from satellites in its war in Ukraine. Ukrainian forces have been using SpaceX's Starlink constellation on the front line for communications and targeting. Starlink uses thousands of satellites, making it virtually impossible to take out with direct-ascent weaponry.
Nuclear weapons might offer an advantage. In 1962, before the Outer Space Treaty went into force, the U.S. detonated a 1.4 megaton nuclear weapon high above the Pacific Ocean in a test known as "Starfish Prime."
The weapon created an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) that disrupted electronics and communications and was powerful enough to knock out streetlights in Hawaii, some 900 miles away. The test also created an artificial radiation field that damaged numerous satellites in low Earth orbit in the following days and weeks.
Such a weapon could potentially damage a satellite constellation like Starlink, says James Acton, co-director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
"There is a pretty significant threat from high-altitude nuclear explosions to satellites," he says. "Nuclear weapons would be a much more efficient way of trying to destroy them."
On the other hand, he says, such an indiscriminate weapon would likely destroy many satellites, not just the intended target.
"That's going to have a ton of other repercussions on all the Russian satellites and all of China's satellites," Weeden says. "And I'm pretty sure the Chinese are not going to be happy about that."
Weeden believes it might be more likely that Russia is developing a space-based nuclear reactor, which could in theory be used to power electronic warfare equipment in orbit.
Russia has been working to develop high-powered space-based nuclear reactors in recent years, with speculation that it might be used for space-based electronic warfare. The idea would be that the reactor would be used to power some sort of jamming device or other weapon that could disable satellites, Weeden says.
The U.S. military has been investing in space-based nuclear power as well in recent years. The Air Force doled out several tens of millions of dollars last year as part of its Joint Emergent Technology Supplying On-Orbit Nuclear power (JETSON) High Power program. Some of that money is going toward developing nuclear power sources for future trips to the moon and Mars, but other parts appear to be developing high-power applications for orbit. And the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has also partnered with NASA to develop a nuclear-powered rocket for deep space exploration.
Top lawmakers will get a briefing
Before news of Russian anti-satellite capabilities emerged — first reported by ABC News, The Washington Post and others — House Intelligence Committee Chair Mike Turner, R-Ohio, publicly called on President Biden to declassify information "concerning a national security threat." Turner said doing so would help Congress, the administration and U.S. allies "openly discuss the actions necessary to respond to this threat."
Statement from Chairman @RepMikeTurner: pic.twitter.com/OA9yJuEPlf
— House Intelligence Committee (@HouseIntel) February 14, 2024
In response, Senate Intelligence Chairman Mark Warner, D-Va., and ranking member Marco Rubio, R-Fla., said their committee "has the intelligence in question, and has been rigorously tracking this issue from the start."
Their statement added: "We continue to take this matter seriously and are discussing an appropriate response with the administration. In the meantime, we must be cautious about potentially disclosing sources and methods that may be key to preserving a range of options for U.S. action."
National security adviser Sullivan said in a White House briefing Wednesday that he was "a bit surprised" at Turner's statement because he said there was already a meeting planned with top House leaders, including Turner, on Thursday.
Without giving information on the topic at hand, Sullivan said he had reached out to the "Gang of 8" — which includes the House and Senate leadership as well as the top members of the House and Senate intelligence committees — earlier this week to offer a personal briefing. Sullivan called such outreach "highly unusual" for a national security adviser.
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