A single four-letter word — added to a provision of the tax code — has professional sports leagues scrambling, as teams face what could be millions of dollars in new taxes.
"Real."
The revision changed a section of the tax code that applies to "like-kind exchanges." Under the old law, farmers, manufacturers and other businesses could swap certain "property" assets — such as trucks and machinery — without immediately paying taxes on the difference in value.
The 2017 tax overhaul inserted the word "real" before "property." With that, the provision now applies only to real estate swaps.
That means teams could be looking at tax bills in the millions for trading player contracts. Major League Baseball is already lobbying Washington to carve out an exception.
Jim Tankersley, who reported on the issue this week for The New York Times, explains what the change could mean for teams, and how leagues are responding.
This interview has been lightly edited for clarity.
Interview Highlights
What the provision is, and how it changed
The provision mostly applies to farmers and fleet owners, people who own machinery. What it allows you to do is, if you trade property ... you don't pay taxes on the value you gain in that trade, until you sell the truck. ...
This provision has been narrowed now, so that it only applies to real estate. And that excludes trucks and farm animals ... and baseball players.
This is a $31 billion savings over 10 years, according to the Joint Committee on Taxation.
On why lawmakers narrowed the tax break
There were a lot of provisions like this in the tax bill. Lawmakers call these changes "base-broadening," but what that really means is: they're raising some taxes to capture new federal revenue, in order to pay for the tax rates they cut. Lawmakers needed more money to pay for those rates, and the way they found that money was to close loopholes like the one that was in this provision.
On how this affects sports trading
Right now, based on a ruling from the '60s, when teams trade players, [the players] are treated like a "like-kind exchange." ... A player contract is like a truck.
But now, because they're not real estate, these players have to be traded in a way that there might be taxable values.
What that means is, teams have to figure out how much a player is worth to them in dollar figures, and how much the player they might be giving away is worth. And if they're getting more back than they gave, they've got to pay taxes on that — capital gains taxes.
So the question is: How do you value [each player]? Is he 'how many extra wins he brings to your team'? Is he 'how many extra wins he brings for how much money he costs'? Or is he some special formula of 'how much he would bring to you value-wise' that is different from one team to the other, because your team might have three second basemen and my team has none?
On the size of the tax hit
The Houston Astros won the World Series last year. And on the way to winning the World Series, they traded for a pitcher named Justin Verlander from the Detroit Tigers. Some experts I talked to estimate that the value the Astros got back in that trade was probably about $10 million above what they had given up. So in that case, $10 million value, 15 percent capital gains tax — that's $1.5 million that the Astros would have give to the government. And the Astros have made several other trades like that over the last few years. That adds up.
On sports leagues lobbying Congress
Major League Baseball says they're already at work on it. I would not be surprised if the other leagues are close behind. ...
One reason Congress might not [go along with what major sports leagues want] is because of Washington partisan politics. Democrats don't seem likely to give Republicans any fixes on this law that [the GOP] passed without Democratic votes, so you could see a stalemate going forward on this. A reason to think that sports lobbyists might actually get Congress to cave is that Congress always caves to sports leagues. Baseball has an antitrust exemption. ....
Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.
