Sounds, particularly those made by other humans, rank as the No. 1 distraction in the workplace. According to workplace design expert Alan Hedge at Cornell, 74 percent of workers say they face "many" instances of disturbances and distractions from noise.
"In general, if it's coming from another person, it's much more disturbing than when it's coming from a machine," he says, because, as social beings, humans are attuned to man-made sounds. He says overheard conversations, as well as high-pitched and intermittent noises, also draw attention away from tasks at hand.
The popularity of open offices has also exacerbated the problem. The University of California's Center for the Built Environment has a study showing workers are happier when they are in enclosed offices, and less likely to take sick days.
This does not bode well for some workers facing cold and flu season, when hacking coughs make the rounds. But some people, such as Milwaukee web developer Taj Shahrani, contend with it year-round.
He had a colleague who sat a short cubicle wall away and would, as he says, "shout-cough" at regular intervals.
"He never covered his mouth," he says. The violent episodes, which Shahrani and another colleague would keep tallies of, would shake his desk, interrupt conversations and phone calls.
"I would always know when it was coming because he would hear that sharp intake, like he's about to cough, and you'd always wince and stop what you're doing because you knew it was going to be sort of loud and hard to hear," Shahrani says.
After months of this, he went from concern about contagion to irritation about the interruptions. Still, he never broached the subject with the offender or the boss.
"It's sort of taboo to criticize someone for an illness," Shahrani says. It's only months later, when he was moved to a new desk in an office reshuffling, that he realized just how much more work he accomplished without constant interruption.
Rue Dooley, an adviser at the Society for Human Resource Management, says HR professionals often call in, asking how to manage co-worker complaints about various bodily noises.
The answer? It depends on the circumstance. For example, in a previous job, Dooley shared an office with a man who liked to eat frozen carrots and had the hacking cough of someone with chronic bronchitis.
Dooley says he found the carrot-munching funny. The coughing was less amusing, he says. While employers worry about contagion and lost productivity of someone bringing an illness to work, they also have a legal obligation to accommodate the employees who have an illness or a disability. He says by law, employers have to accommodate them.
What those accommodations are might vary. A waitress or shop clerk with a hacking cough might require a sick day or a reassignment, in which case Dooley says it's OK for a manager to say: "That cough is turning customers away. We can't have you on the floor with that."
There are other noises that fall into that indelicate in-between territory — like flatulence.
Four years ago, the Social Security Administration reprimanded a worker for his "excessive flatulence." After numerous complaints and warnings, the agency charged him with "conduct unbecoming a federal employee." The employee claimed he had lactose intolerance, and after his union intervened, the reprimand was rescinded.
Then there is the gross interruption that is totally preventable.
Denver electrical engineer Kendra Lyons sits a few cubicles down from an unfiltered loud talker whose phone conversations include details about her gynecology and family disputes.
"It would throw me off, and then I would find it really hard to tune out and not listen to her for the rest of the conversation, so I would end up eavesdropping rather than doing my work," Lyons says.
Now, she says she drowns it out with headphones blasting electronica or the "Hamilton" soundtrack — anything with a strong beat.
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